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1991-03-20
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TTTTAAAARRRR((((1111)))) AAAAmmmmiiiiggggaaaaDDDDOOOOSSSS ((((5555 NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 1111999988887777)))) TTTTAAAARRRR((((1111))))
NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
tar - tape (or other media) file archiver
SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
ttttaaaarrrr -[BBBBccccddddDDDDhhhhiiiikkkkllllmmmmooooppppRRRRssssttttvvvvxxxxzzzzZZZZ] [----bbbb _N] [----ffff _F] [----TTTT _F] [ _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e _o_r
_r_e_g_e_x_p ... ]
DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
_t_a_r provides a way to store many files into a single
archive, which can be kept in another Unix file, stored on
an I/O device such as tape, floppy, cartridge, or disk, sent
over a network, or piped to another program. It is useful
for making backup copies, or for packaging up a set of files
to move them to another system.
_t_a_r has existed since Version 7 Unix with very little
change. It has been proposed as the standard format for
interchange of files among systems that conform to the IEEE
P1003 ``Portable Operating System'' standard.
This version of _t_a_r supports some of the extensions which
were proposed in the P1003 draft standards, including owner
and group names, and support for named pipes, fifos,
contiguous files, and block and character devices.
When reading an archive, this version of _t_a_r continues after
finding an error. Previous versions required the `i' option
to ignore checksum errors.
OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS
_t_a_r options can be specified in either of two ways. The
usual Unix conventions can be used: each option is preceded
by `-'; arguments directly follow each option; multiple
options can be combined behind one `-' as long as they take
no arguments. For compatability with the Unix _t_a_r program,
the options may also be specified as ``keyletters,'' wherein
all the option letters occur in the first argument to _t_a_r,
with no `-', and their arguments, if any, occur in the
second, third, ... arguments. Examples:
Normal: tar -f arcname -cv file1 file2
Old: tar fcv arcname file1 file2
At least one of the ----cccc, ----tttt, ----dddd, or ----xxxx options must be
included. The rest are optional.
Files to be operated upon are specified by a list of file
names, which follows the option specifications (or can be
read from a file by the ----TTTT option). Specifying a directory
name causes that directory and all the files it contains to
be (recursively) processed. If a full path name is
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specified when creating an archive, it will be written to
the archive without the initial "/", to allow the files to
be later read into a different place than where they were
dumped from, and a warning will be printed. If files are
extracted from an archive which contains full path names,
they will be extracted relative to the current directory and
a warning message printed.
When extracting or listing files, the ``file names'' are
treated as regular expressions, using mostly the same syntax
as the shell. The shell actually matches each substring
between ``/''s separately, while _t_a_r matches the entire
string at once, so some anomalies will occur; e.g. ``*'' or
``?'' can match a ``/''. To specify a regular expression as
an argument to _t_a_r, quote it so the shell will not expand
it.
----aaaa Set the archived bit of the file as it is added to the
archive. (Amiga only)
----AAAA Do not add the file to the archive if its archived bit
is set. Applies only to regular files, directories are
always dumped (Amiga only)
----bbbb _N Specify a blocking factor for the archive. The block
size will be _N x 512 bytes. Larger blocks typically
run faster and let you fit more data on a tape. The
default blocking factor is set when _t_a_r is compiled,
and is typically 20. There is no limit to the maximum
block size, as long as enough memory can be allocated
for it, and as long as the device containing the
archive can read or write that block size.
----BBBB When reading an archive, reblock it as we read it.
Normally, _t_a_r reads each block with a single _r_e_a_d(_2)
system call. This does not work when reading from a
pipe or network socket under Berkeley Unix; _r_e_a_d(_2)
only gives as much data as has arrived at the moment.
With this option, it will do multiple _r_e_a_d(_2)s to fill
out to a record boundary, rather than reporting an
error. This option is default when reading an archive
from standard input, or over a network.
----cccc Create an archive from a list of files.
----dddd Diff an archive against the files in the file system.
Reports differences in file size, mode, uid, gid, and
contents. If a file exists on the tape, but not in the
file system, that is reported. This option needs
further work to be really useful.
----DDDD When creating an archive, only dump each directory
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itself; don't dump all the files inside the directory.
In conjunction with _f_i_n_d(1), this is useful in creating
incremental dumps for archival backups, similar to
those produced by _d_u_m_p(8).
----ffff _F Specify the filename of the archive. If the specified
filename is ``-'', the archive is read from the
standard input or written to the standard output. If
the ----ffff option is not used, and the environment variable
TTTTAAAAPPPPEEEE exists, its value will be used; otherwise, a
default archive name (which was picked when tar was
compiled) is used. The default is normally set to the
``first'' tape drive or other transportable I/O medium
on the system.
If the filename contains a colon before a slash, it is
interpreted as a ``hostname:/file/name'' pair. _t_a_r
will invoke the commands _r_s_h and _d_d to access the
specified file or device on the system _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e. If
you need to do something unusual like rsh with a
different user name, use ``----ffff ----'' and pipe it to rsh
manually.
----hhhh When creating an archive, if a symbolic link is
encountered, dump the file or directory to which it
points, rather than dumping it as a symbolic link.
(Does not apply to Amiga)
----iiii When reading an archive, ignore blocks of zeros in the
archive. Normally a block of zeros indicates the end
of the archive, but in a damaged archive, or one which
was created by appending several archives, this option
allows _t_a_r to continue. It is not on by default
because there is garbage written after the zeroed
blocks by the Unix _t_a_r program. Note that with this
option set, _t_a_r will read all the way to the end of the
file, eliminating problems with multi-file tapes.
----kkkk When extracting files from an archive, keep existing
files, rather than overwriting them with the version
from the archive.
----llll When dumping the contents of a directory to an archive,
stay within the local file system of that directory.
This option only affects the files dumped because they
are in a dumped directory; files named on the command
line are always dumped, and they can be from various
file systems. This is useful for making ``full dump''
archival backups of a file system, as with the _d_u_m_p(8)
command. Files which are skipped due to this option
are mentioned on the standard error.
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TTTTAAAARRRR((((1111)))) AAAAmmmmiiiiggggaaaaDDDDOOOOSSSS ((((5555 NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 1111999988887777)))) TTTTAAAARRRR((((1111))))
----mmmm When extracting files from an archive, set each file's
modified timestamp to the current time, rather than
extracting each file's modified timestamp from the
archive.
----oooo When creating an archive, write an old format archive,
which does not include information about directories,
pipes, fifos, contiguous files, or device files, and
specifies file ownership by uid's and gid's rather than
by user names and group names. In most cases, a
``new'' format archive can be read by an ``old'' tar
program without serious trouble, so this option should
seldom be needed.
----pppp When extracting files from an archive, restore them to
the same permissions that they had in the archive. If
----pppp is not specified, the current umask limits the
permissions of the extracted files. See _u_m_a_s_k(_2).
(Does not apply to Amiga version, permission always
completely restored)
----RRRR With each message that _t_a_r produces, print the record
number within the archive where the message occurred.
This option is especially useful when reading damaged
archives, since it helps to pinpoint the damaged
section.
----ssss When specifying a list of filenames to be listed or
extracted from an archive, the ----ssss flag specifies that
the list is sorted into the same order as the tape.
This allows a large list to be used, even on small
machines, because the entire list need not be read into
memory at once. Such a sorted list can easily be
created by running ``tar -t'' on the archive and
editing its output.
----tttt List a table of contents of an existing archive. If
file names are specified, just list files matching the
specified names. The listing appears on the standard
output.
----TTTT _F Rather than specifying file names or regular
expressions as arguments to the _t_a_r command, this
option specifies that they should be read from the file
_F, one per line. If the file name specified is ``-'',
the list is read from the standard input. This option,
in conjunction with the ----ssss option, allows an
arbitrarily large list of files to be processed, and
allows the list to be piped to _t_a_r.
----vvvv Be verbose about the files that are being processed or
listed. Normally, archive creation, file extraction,
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TTTTAAAARRRR((((1111)))) AAAAmmmmiiiiggggaaaaDDDDOOOOSSSS ((((5555 NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 1111999988887777)))) TTTTAAAARRRR((((1111))))
and differencing are silent, and archive listing just
gives file names. The ----vvvv option causes an ``ls
-l''-like listing to be produced. The output from -v
appears on the standard output except when creating an
archive (since the new archive might be on standard
output), where it goes to the standard error output.
----xxxx Extract files from an existing archive. If file names
are specified, just extract files matching the
specified names, otherwise extract all the files in the
archive.
----zzzz or ----ZZZZ
The archive should be compressed as it is written, or
decompressed as it is read, using the _c_o_m_p_r_e_s_s(_1)
program. This option works on I/O devices and over the
network, as well as on disk files; data to or from such
devices is reblocked using a ``dd'' command to enforce
the specified (or default) block size. The default
compression parameters are used; if you need to
override them, avoid the ``z'' option and compress it
yourself. (Not currently supported on Amiga)
SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
shar(1), tar(5), compress(1), ar(1), arc(1), cpio(1),
dump(8), restore(8), restor(8), rsh(1), dd(1), find(1)
BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS
The rrrr,,,, uuuu,,,, wwww,,,, XXXX,,,, llll,,,, FFFF,,,, CCCC, and _d_i_g_i_t options of Unix _t_a_r are
not supported.
Multiple-tape (or floppy) archives should be supported, but
so far no clean way has been implemented.
A bug in the Bourne Shell usually causes an extra newline to
be written to the standard error when using compressed or
remote archives.
A bug in ``dd'' prevents turning off the ``x+y records
in/out'' messages on the standard error when ``dd'' is used
to reblock or transport an archive.
Page 5 (printed 3/8/90)